{"id":1819,"date":"2026-03-05T09:45:21","date_gmt":"2026-03-05T09:45:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tifrh.res.in\/~sciencemedia\/?p=1819"},"modified":"2026-03-05T11:37:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T11:37:28","slug":"brijesh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tifrh.res.in\/~sciencemedia\/index.php\/2026\/03\/05\/brijesh\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932: \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947, \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0902  \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0942\u0901\u0964 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u2019 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u2019, \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e  \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u090f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Charge generation), \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Charge transport) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 (Charge recombination) \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 |\u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 : <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41578-025-00784-4<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 | \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093c\u0930\u0940\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928, \u0915\u0948\u0921\u092e\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091f\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 (CdTe),\u0917\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0921 (GaAs) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0917\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0921 (CIGS)  \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0902\u091c\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 (Dye Synthesized ) \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0906\u090f\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 (Organic Solar cell or Organic Photovoltaics ) \u0906\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u091f (Perovskite) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u092e \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 (Tandem Solar cell) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u0906\u091c\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0916\u093c\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0942\u0901\u0917\u093e \u0964 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e CaTiO\u2083 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 , \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 ABX\u2083 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0964  \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 A \u0914\u0930 B \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 X \u090f\u0915 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 , \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0947 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948,\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u092a\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0928 (Photon) \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e (Electron-Hole pair) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 (Electron Transport Layer)\u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932, \u0939\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 (Hole Transport Layer) \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 (ETL)\u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 (HTL) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 ETL \u0914\u0930 HTL \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 ETL \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (TiO\u2082), \u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (SnO\u2082), \u0914\u0930 PCBM \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0914\u0930 HTL \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 Spiro-OMeTAD, PTAA \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 ETL \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928-\u0921\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0921 \u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (FTO) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932 HTL \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 (Au) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 (\u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936) \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 1 : (\u0905) \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902, (\u092c) \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 2 (\u0905)\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a (SEM) \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 (\u092c) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0964
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Translation in English<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The concept of converting sunlight into electricity dates back to the 19th century. In 1839, the French physicist Alexandre Edmond Becquerel<\/strong> discovered the photovoltaic effect<\/strong>, which is the fundamental principle behind solar cells. It took considerable time for this concept to become practical, and in 1954 scientists at Bell Laboratories<\/strong> developed the first practical silicon solar cell. Solar cells were later used in space missions during the 1960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Solar cells began attracting attention for terrestrial applications in the 1970s, largely driven by the oil crisis and growing environmental awareness. Today, solar cells have emerged as an important source of renewable energy, transforming the way energy is produced and used around the world.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Their relevance arises from several factors. First, solar energy is a clean source of electricity that does not emit carbon dioxide or other air pollutants during operation. This makes it important in addressing the potential consequences of increasing climate change. Second, solar technology contributes to energy security by enabling countries to diversify their energy sources and reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels. Third, the decentralized nature of solar systems facilitates local electricity generation. In other words, energy sources such as solar panels can be installed directly in homes, businesses, or communities, helping them become more self-reliant in electricity generation. Rooftop installations, for example, reduce energy losses because electricity does not need to be transmitted over long distances, and they also increase energy access in remote regions. Finally, continuous improvements in materials and industrial manufacturing have significantly reduced costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the early days, the efficiency of solar cells was limited due to material and technological challenges. Efficiency refers to how effectively a solar cell can convert solar energy into electrical energy. However, in recent years, continuous advances in materials science have significantly improved solar cell efficiency. To learn more about the development of different types of solar cells, you can visit this link:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/cell-efficiency<\/a>) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers are continuously working to develop energy sources for the future that are inexpensive, long-lasting, and environmentally sustainable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a researcher, I am motivated by these challenges. My research focuses on understanding how light interacts with materials<\/strong> and how this interaction can be used to generate electricity. I study the optical and electronic properties of new materials, particularly how they influence charge generation, charge transport, and charge recombination<\/strong> in solar cells. We have published a review article on solar cell devices; if you would like to read it, please visit this link:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41578-025-00784-4<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This knowledge may prove useful in the development of more efficient and stable solar cells in the future. Through my work, my goal is to contribute both to scientific knowledge and to real-world innovation, helping bring clean energy technologies closer to everyday use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Solar cells have improved significantly over time. Initially, they were mainly made from silicon. Later, scientists developed thinner and more flexible solar cells using materials such as silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)<\/strong>. After that came dye-sensitized solar cells<\/strong>. Then organic solar cells (Organic Photovoltaics)<\/strong> were developed; these are lightweight and can be manufactured by printing them onto flexible surfaces.

To achieve even better performance, scientists began combining different types of solar cells. For example, tandem solar cells<\/strong> have been created by combining perovskite and silicon<\/strong>. Currently, new ideas such as quantum dot solar cells<\/strong> and panels that produce both electricity and heat are also being explored. All these efforts aim to make solar energy cheaper, more efficient, and more widely usable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Here I will focus specifically on perovskite-based solar cells<\/strong>. Perovskites refer to a group of materials that have a crystal structure similar to CaTiO\u2083<\/strong> and are represented by the formula ABX\u2083<\/strong>, where A and B are cations of different sizes and X is an anion<\/strong>, usually oxygen or a halide. Perovskite solar cells belong to an emerging class of photovoltaic devices known for their high efficiency and low manufacturing cost. Unlike traditional silicon cells, they can be fabricated at relatively low temperatures, making them suitable for producing lightweight and flexible solar cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A solar cell consists of multiple layers, as shown in Figure 1. When light passes through the upper transparent layers and reaches the perovskite layer, the perovskite absorbs it and converts a photon<\/strong> into an electron\u2013hole pair<\/strong>. The electron then moves toward the electron transport layer (ETL)<\/strong>, while the hole moves toward the hole transport layer (HTL)<\/strong>. The materials chosen for the ETL and HTL are such that electrons and holes can move easily through them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Common materials used as ETLs include titanium dioxide (TiO\u2082), tin oxide (SnO\u2082), and fullerene derivatives such as PCBM<\/strong>. For HTLs, organic semiconductors such as Spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA<\/strong> are commonly used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The electrons then move from the ETL to an electrode made of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)<\/strong>, while the holes move from the HTL to an electrode made of gold (Au)<\/strong>. Because these two electrodes carry opposite electric charges, one positive and the other negative, an electric potential difference develops between them. When the circuit is completed, an electric current begins to flow. In this way, light energy is converted into electrical energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1: (\u0905) Different layers of a solar cell, (\u092c) Working principle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2: (\u0905) A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showing the different layers of a solar cell, and (\u092c) photographs of some solar cells fabricated in the laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This efficient mechanism for converting light into electricity, combined with the tunability of the materials involved and low manufacturing costs<\/strong>, makes perovskite solar cells<\/strong> a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Article in Hindi reviewed by Srushti Chipde.)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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